
Ŀ
                                                                    
                        
                                    
                           
                                          
Ĵ
                                  5                           
ٰ



                :   
                            by । , 1984


  (* ॢ  ᪮ by Constantin E.  Climentieff aka DrMAD *)

  1.   
  2.  
  3.   
  4.   
  5.     
      

                            

     ࠡ । ஡ ୮ ᭮, 
ᮬ.   ᥭ - ᢮ ᯮᮡ ᮥ  ᥡ  
㣨  ணࠬ    ॢ   ⠪  .    ᯮᮡ
ᠭ:  ""  "".   ᯮ㥬    ᯮᮡ,  
   ஢᪮ 3- 㭠த  .   ⮬
뭥譥 ப ࠭ ࠧ  㯠    
⥬,  ஧ ,  饣  ᥡ ᪮  [Anderson72]
[Linde75],  ⥫쭠.      ⨪         
࠭  ଠ樨  ⥫쭠    ࠡ  㦥 믮
[Bell73] [Denning82],    ⢠ ⥬  ⢫    
  ⨯ ⠪ [McCauley79] [Popek79] [Gold79] [Landwehr83], -⠪
 ⠪  ᤥ   ।饭  ଠ樨  
,     ० [Lampson73] [Biba77]. 
⢮ ⥩ ࠭ ଠ樨   ⥬,    
 쭠  ᭠,    ⭮ [Lampson73],  ᪮쪮
 짮⥫ ਬ  .    㤥    ⮩
 ᬠਢ ⠪  ࠭ ଠ樨.

     騥 室  ᯥ祭 㥬  ࠢ 奬
 [Feiertag79],      ⨪ ᭮,  
䥪⨢  ⨢  ⨯ ⠪.    祭  
⥬      ᭮ [Harrison76].  
 ஧ ⨯ "⪠ 㦨"  ॡ  㦥  ࠡ  
ॡﬨ ணࠬ, ,   ⭮,  饬 砥 
[Garey79].  ,   ஡ 筮  뤥  ଠ樮
⮪  । ⥬ [Fenton73], NP-. ᯮ짮  
㯫   㦨饩    ଠ樨  [Woodward79]  
짮⥫ﬨ  祭,   饬 砥  襭  
ᯮᮡ  뢠  ࠢ쭮  ணࠬ,   ,      
⭮, ⮦  ᢮⢮ NP-.

    ணࠬ "  Xerox"  [Shoch82]  த஢ ᯮᮡ
࠭ १ ,    砩 맢    ⪠
㦨.    㣮  砥,     "  " (core wars)
[Dewdney84] 뫠 ⥭,  ⮡ ⠢    ணࠬ  
    㣮.  稥  ਬ    ⮩  ⥬ 樠쭮 ᮮ饭
⢮ ࠧ ᯮ⮢,      襩    
ᬠਢ    ⥪     ணࠬ⠬.  ନ
"" ⠪ ᯮ짮  裡  ணࠬ஢  몥   APL,
   ⠢ 騩 맮  砫  㭪樨,    ᢮
। ⠢ ९ ᪮筮 ࠧ  ࠣ ⥪
[Gunn74].

    ஡ ⥭樠쭠    ஧    ᭮      祭
[Hoffman82],   ⥭樠     㤠⢥,  䨭ᮢ,
    㭨᪨ ० ࠩ .   ⬥,
  ० ६ ᯮ짮  堭  
⢥      ஧,    㯮ॡ ⥮ਥ [Kaplan82].
饭 ᮢ६  ⥬    让  ⥯  
樮,  ⥬        ⥬ ᪠ ஢
ᯮ짮 [Klein83].     㡫 । ⥬
  ।      ⢫  ⠪  ⨪,    
⠭ .

     ⮩      뢠  ஡   
ᮢ.    祭 ᢮⢠  ᭮  䥪樨    ,  
᫥⥫쭮   ⨥   ࠧ塞  ଠ樨    ९
ࠦ.   ᯮ짮   ᪨ ,     
맢 ᮢ ⪠  㦨 / ᠭ樮஢ 
 .   ᪮쪨 ᯥਬ⮢  묨 ᠬ
ᯮ짮,  ⮡  த஢,      㦠᭮
஧   , ⠪    饭 樮 ⥬.
  ࠧ    । ଠ樨 ଠ樮 ⮪,  ,  
饬 砥,   ࠡ⪨ ଠ樨,  祢묨 魮ﬨ
 ஡    ᮢ,      १
᫥⥫쭮,  砩  砥,  .  뢠, 
⢥  ⥬    ⥭樠      ᭮ ⠪ - 
⥬  ࠭祭 ࠭⨢   ࠭祭ﬨ   ࠧ
㯠,  ⥬     ࠧ 㯠,   ⥬  
ࠡ뢠騥 ଠ  (ਠ  設  ਭ).  (*1*)  쪮
  砩 ᮤন ࠪ᪨   ᮢ६ ⢠.
,      饬  砥  㦥    ࠧ訬  
a-ਮ  ⠪       ,    ⮣ 㦥 祭
㤥 㤭  .

    ।    ᬮ७  ᪮쪮    ଥ,    
 ਬ 祭 ᢮⢠ ᮢ.  ⥬   ࠭祭ﬨ
࠭⨢   騬,   ,   筠 
ॠ ,    饬 砥  ਢ  
-  ਣ ⥬.  祭 ᯮ짮  ⥫,  
,   १         襭  ஡
஡ 稬.

    祭 뢮,     ᫥    ᮢ  
    筮-᫥⥫᪮              ⥭樠묨
࠭ﬨ    㣨  ,    ⥪騥 ⥬ ।
     ।      ᭮  ⠪,  ,  
⢥ 㥬 ⨪ ᭮. (*5*)

                           

     ।塞        ணࠬ,    
ࠦ 㣨 ணࠬ,   ⠪ ࠧ, ⮡ 
  ᮡ⢥,   ,  .   ᢮⢮
஢,   ࠭  ୮ ⥬ 
,  ᯮ ਧ  짮⥫,  ⮡  ࠦ  
ணࠬ.      ࠦ   ணࠬ   ணࠬ     ⠪
⢮   , ⠪ ࠧ, 䥪 ࠭.

     ᥢ-ணࠬ  뢠,           
ᠭ      ᥢ-設   몥.    ":="  ᯮ짮  
।, ᨬ ":" 砥 ⢥ত, ";" ࠧ ⢥ত,
ᨬ  "="  ᯮ짮    祭    ࠢ,  ᨬ  "~"
।⠢ 栭, ᨬ "{"  "}" 㯯 ᫥⥫쭮
஢  ,   ᨬ "..." ᯮ짮,  ⮡ 㪠뢠,  
   ய饭.

program virus:=
 {1234567;

subroutine infect-executable:=
 {
 loop:file = get-random-executable-file;
 if first-line-of-file = 1234567 then goto loop;
 prepend virus to file;
 }

subroutine do-damage:=
 {
  whatever damage is to be done
 }

subroutine trigger-pulled:=
 {
 return true if some condition holds
 }

main-program:=
 {
 infect-executable;
 if trigger-pulled then do-damage;
 goto next;
 }

next:
}

                           ⮩  "V"

     樮  (V)   "஢"  믮塞  䠩
ணࠬ (E), 롨 䠩  "1234567"  砫,   V  E,
ॢ  ணࠬ   ࠦ  䠩  (I).  ⥬  V  ஢,
믮      ।  ᫮,    ᫨  ,    ந
ࠧ襭.  ,  V 믮 ⠫  ணࠬ,  ன
  .   짮⥫ ⠥ 믮 ணࠬ E, 
 ⮣ 믮 ணࠬ I;  ࠦ 㣮 䠩,  ⮬
ࠡ⠥,       E.   ᪫祭 쪮 প,
믮  ࠣ⮬  ஢,  ணࠬ   I   룫廊   
ணࠬ E,  믮 ᫮  맮 .

    ᭮ ⮪  ⠪ ᮢ  ᫥饬.  ணࠬ ࢨ,
    㣨  ணࠬ   ,    
       饬.  祢 ᮡ 
 ᯮᮡ ࠦ 㣨 ணࠬ,  ⠪ ࠧ ⨣
   ࠭⨢  몠    짮⥫ﬨ.  (*3*)  
ਬ,  ᫨ V ࠧ     㫥  짮⥫  A  (E),  
짮⥫ B ᫥ ⮣ ⨫  E,   V   ࠭
⠪   䠩 짮⥫ B.

     ⬥,     易⥫쭮   ᯮ짮  
७ 楫   易⥫쭮   ᪨ . 
ਬ,     ᠭ ᦨ騩 ,  ।祭  ⮡
室  ࠭  ஢  㫨,  ᦨ      ࠧ襭
짮⥫,      ᥡ    .  (*4*)     饭,
ࠦ  ணࠬ "稢" ᠬ ᥡ  믮 ଠ쭮.
᪮  ⠪    ᥣ  訢  ࠧ襭   ०,   祬
믮  ᢮  ⢨,    -  ᪨ ,   ᪮ 
  ᢮⢮ ஢,    -   . ᫥
뢠,    ⠪         50%  ᪮
࠭⢠  ⨯筮 ⥬.  த⢨ ᯮ ࠦ
ணࠬ    㬥 ⥫쭮   "⪨".  
ᦨ騩    룫拉 ᫥騬 ࠧ:

programme compression-virus:=
{01234567;

the subroutine infects-program:=
 {
 loop:file = get-free-executed-file;
 if first-line-file = 01234567 then goto cycle;
 the file of the compresses;
 add the compression-virus in file;
 }

main-program:=
 {
 if ask-permit, then infect-program;
 extract-rest-this-file in tmpfile;
 start tmpfile;
 }

}

                         騩  "C"

     ணࠬ (C) 室 ஢ ணࠬ  (E),  ᦨ
       C,  ⮡ ନ஢ ࠦ ணࠬ (I).
 ⥬ "㦠"  ਣ쭭  ணࠬ    ६  䠩  
᪠   ᯮ.   ணࠬ I 믮,    
ᦨ    ணࠬ  ।  ⥬,         㧨
ணࠬ   E      ६  䠩    믮  .  䥪  
࠭    ᥩ  ⥬,   ᦨ   믮塞   䠩   
⠭  । ⥬,     믮. 짮⥫
 訥 প   ६,     㫨  
। 믮.

       ਬ   ᫨誮 ⥫,   㤥 ,
  㥬 ணࠬ V,    楤 "몫⥫",
  뢠  祭  ᫥ ।   ६,  
楤  믮  ०    ᪮筮  横.  設⢮
ᮢ६  ⥬   ⠭ ਣ묨  ࠦ ᫥
।   ६.  ஢ ࡠ    ⠪  
 ॡ  ᨫ.  䨪  :
...

subroutine does-damage:= {cycle: goto cycle;}

subroutine pulled trigger:=
{if year>1984, then return truth otherwise inverse lie;}

...

               栭  㦫 .

     ⢥      ୮       ᬠਢ
  ,      100%-   㥬,
࠭  直  ࠧ,    ⢠    㣮,
㡨  ࠦ   ᫥ । 
६,       ⮣ .  ᫨  砫
   প ⠢ ஢  ,  
  쬠  ⭮  ⠢  ⮫쪮  ᪮쪮 㤠 ࠭ 
,      ᮬ  㭨⮦      ᮢ६
⢠. ᫨   ⮣ ⨯   ࠭ 
  ,     ⭮ ⠭  ᯮ짮
᫨⥫쭮  孨    ⥫ ਮ ६  ࣠
堮  뭥譨 ࠢ⥫⢥, 䨭ᮢ,   ࠧ⥫
०.

                   

     ।⠢ ⥫ ⨥ ᮢ,    䠪᪨  ।
楯  ᮢ   ⥬.   ୠ ⥭樠쭮 ⥫쭮
⠪,   ⥬   祭 㤮,  ⮡  ᫥  
堭,        .  砥 
।饭  ᮢ.

                         ᭮ ࠭祭

     ⮣,  ⮡  짮⥫  ⥬  뫨  ᯮᮡ  ।
ଠ,    ⢮ ,  १  ଠ 
࠭      짮⥫    㣮.      
  ࠧ    짮⥫  ணࠬ,  饩 
⥫ ⮣ 짮⥫, ᪮ ணࠬ ᥣ  
।⠢⥫  짮⥫     ᯮ짮 ,   
㥬   ࠭ ଠ樨   室  ⥬  
।⢥  १  짮⥫.   ⮣,  ⮡  ᫥
ᯮ짮    設  ਭ,      ,    ᫨
ଠ        ⠭  짮⥫    ᯮ짮
ᮢ⭮  設 ਭ,      ᪮஢,    
 ⥬ ᬠਢ     設 ਭ.

    ᬠਢ 㭨ᠫ ⥬,  ன 짮⥫ ᯮᮡ
ந쭮  ᯮ짮  室        ଠ,  
ᯮᮡ  ᯥ稢 । ⠪ ଠ樨 㣨 栬,   
  㦭,      ᭮,    ᯮᮡ  ࠭
ଠ      ࠭⨢.     ,  ᫨      
짮⥫   짮⥫ B,          짮⥫  B  
짮⥫  C,         짮⥫   짮⥫ C 
   ।⢮ 짮⥫ B.

    ,  㭤⠫쭮 ࠧ   ଠ樥,  
  ᯮ짮  ,   ଠ樥,    
ᯮ짮  ணࠬ .     ந஢  
ਬ ࠭,    室 ଠ, । 
 ,   ⮬     ணࠬ.    १,
ଠ         ⮫쪮  ⮣,      ࣠
樨.

     ⥬,   ଠ      ந஢  ᢮
⥫      ணࠬ,         
஢,    . ᫨  ࠧ 㯠, 
䥪  ࠭  १ 樨 ⨢
ଠ樨.  ᫨   ࠭祭    ࠭⨢  ଠ樮
⮪,        ࠭⨢  몠  (transitive  closure)
ଠ樮 ⮪,        筨.  
㯠,    ࠭⨢    ଠ樮    ⮪       魮
樨,  ⠪ ࠧ,      ࠭  
࠭⨢  ⮥ ⢮ ଠ樮 ⮪,  ᪠
  筨.

    ᭮,  ᫨  ᯮ짮,            
࠭  ଠ樨  १  ଠ樮  ࠭,  ,  ⠪
ࠧ,   ଠ  ᬮ  ந஢,
    ᬮ ࠭  । ᢮ ࠧ.  
 ନ "樮".   ⮬, ⥬,  ன 
ணࠬ           ଠ   
ᯮ짮    ਭ  襭,          ஢,
᪮  ஢  ॡ 䨪樨 ࠭᫨㥬 ଠ樨.
 뢠  ⥬ "⭬  ⠭訬  祭 ࢮ
㭪樮쭮  浪".    ⬥,   䠪᪨ ॠ쭮
  筮  ୮  ᫥  ⥬  ॡ  魮
樨, ,  樮 ਥ, ᫨  ⨬ 먣뢠
 䥪⨢.    ,  襭 ஡ ᮢ 
 ਬ   .

                            ࠧ

     ࠭   ଠ樮  ⮪    ᬠਢ
࠭,   ࠧ 짮⥫   ⢠:   ,
 祭  ࠭⨢ 몠;   ,  . 
᪠,   ࠧ⥫  ⮪,    ᯥ稢  ࠧ
 ,  ᮧ ஢ ⥬.   몠
 䥪  -⢥ ࠧ.    ।⠢
ᮡ   ᯮᮡ  ।⢠  ।饭  ⠫쭮  ᭮
࠭   ࠭祭  樮,    -  
।⠢  ࠧ ᮡ⢥ .

     楫⭮  [Biba77] - ਬ ⨪,    
ᯮ짮,  ⮡  ࠧ  ⥬        ࠭⨢
⢠.       Biba  ஢  楫⭮  易    ᥩ
ଠ樥.  ண ᢮⢠ 吝 - ""  ᢮  ⨪
Bell-LaPadula;   짮⥫  । ஢ 楫⭮
   ꥪ        楫⭮    뢠
-   ꥪ   ᮪ 楫⭮.   ਣ쭮 
Biba ࠧ稥 뫮 ᤥ  ⥭  㯮   ᯮ,  
  室          ॠ    ࠭祭 魮
ଠ樮 樨,  ᪮ ணࠬ    ᮪  ஢
楫⭮     ꥪ   ஢ 楫⭮,  
஢ ᮡ⢥ ,   ⥬     ꥪ  
 ஢ 楫⭮.

    ᫨   楫⭮   Bell-LaPadula ,   
१ 砥 ଠ ࠭祭 樮,   
࠭⢮  ⢠ ࠭⨢ 몠. ᫨    
ᯮᮡ ࠧ ᯮ     堭  (  ᮪
楫⭮         ꥪ      ᮪  ஢
᭮),  樮 ਢ  ६饭 ଠ樨 
஢ﬨ  ᭮  楫⭮,    ⨬.   
Biba  ᬠਢ   ࠭祭      ।   ࠭祭   
BellLaPadula,  䥪  ࠭ ⮫쪮   ᮪
஢ 楫⭮   , ⠢  ।  ஢
᭮.  ,    ࠭祭  Bell-LaPadula  室 
। ࠭祭 Biba,  䥪  ࠭ ⮫쪮 
    ஢  ᭮   ᮪  । 
஢  楫⭮.  ᥣ    9  ਠ⮢,  ⭮  
᪨ ᮮ⢥⢨   ࠭祭  ᮪,  ,
ࠦ ,   .

     Biba  B-L.    B-L  Biba.
-------------- -------------- --------------
Biba B-L  ⮣ Biba B-L  ⮣ Biba B-L  ⮣
---- ---- ---- ---- ---- ---- ---- ---- ----
|\\| |//| |XX| |\\| |//| |XX| |\\| |//| |XX|
|\\| |//| |XX| |\\| |  | |\\| |  | |//| |//|
|  |+|  |=|  | |  |+|  |=|  | |  |+|  |=|  |
|//| |\\| |XX| |//| |  | |//| |  | |\\| |\\|
|//| |\\| |XX| |//| |\\| |XX| |//| |\\| |XX|
---- ---- ---- ---- ---- ---- ---- ---- ----
\\ =   ; // =   
XX =  㯠; \ + / = X

     Biba  ⠪  ᮤঠ    㣨  ⨪   楫⭮,
⨪  " ⪨" (low water mark),   ।ᬠਢ 
室 ᥣ   楫⭮  ࠢ    ;  
"楢" ⨪,   ன 짮⥫   뢠 , 
    .  ०  ⨪  ६   ६   
ଠ    ஢ 楫⭮, ⮣   ⠥
ࠧ,          믮      㭨ᠫ쭮
ଠ樮 樨.

     ⮬,    ⥬,  ᭮     Bell-LaPadula,
६ 뢠  ଠ,  ⮡ ६   ᮪
஢  ᭮,  ᥣ  㢥稢  ஢,  ⮡  
짮⥫ ᠬ 孥 ஢,   Biba ६  ६
  ଠ       ஢ 楫⭮,  ᥣ 㬥
楫⭮ १⮢  ᠬ  㯭 楫⭮.  ⠪
,    筮  襭 ஡ ⥬ 楫⭮ - NP-
( ⮬,   "" - NP-). (*2*)

      ணࠬ - (  ।) ணࠬ,
   ணࠬ  設⢠ 짮⥫.  ⮣,
⮡ ন ⨪ Bell-LaPadula, ᮪஢ 짮⥫
         ணࠬ,   ᯮ㥬    ஢묨
짮⥫ﬨ.   砥,     ணࠬ
  室    ᠬ   ஢ ᭮.   
⨢稢.    ᬥ訢  Biba  Bell-LaPadula,   
室,  १騩 樮 頥   ᮢ,  
ࠧ蠥 짮⥫  ணࠬ,     ᯮ짮
  ᥩ  ⥬.    ⮬,      ᪠  ஢ 
஢뢠 ,  ⮡ ६      ᮪  ஢
᭮      ,      ᯮᮡ ᯮ짮
஢  䨪  ணࠬ,  ⮡  ६      
஢ 楫⭮   ᮪.

    㣮   ᯮ㥬 ⨪ ࠧ ⥬  
⢠    ⨪  ⥣਩,  ਬ塞     ⨯
 ਫ.  ⨪ ࠧ 짮⥫  ⥣ਨ,
    짮⥫        ⮫쪮      ଠ樨,
室      믮      易⥩.   ᫨   
짮⥫  ண ⥬ ⥣਩    ⮫쪮    
⥣ਨ,    ⥬  㤥  ⮩稢   ᭮ ⠪,  ᪮
⥣ਨ ஢.   ,   ॠ ⥬  짮⥫
  ६   ᪮쪨 ⥣.  ⮬ 砥
䥪    ࠭  १  ࠭  ⥣ਨ      
࠭⨢ 몠 ଠ樮 ⮪.

                           ⮪ 

     ⨪,    ࠧ ⥬  ࠭⨢ 
⢠, ⮦  ࠭ ࠭ . ⨪
'⠭樨   ⮪'  ॠ  ਪ  ﭨ    ᫥  
ﭨ ( ⢮ ࠭),  ஥ ८  ଠ.
ࠢ:  ﭨ 室 ଠ樨  ᨬ㬮 ﭨ
室 ଠ樨;  ﭨ ࠧ塞  ଠ樨  -    
,  祬  ﭨ  ⮩    ᠬ  ଠ樨 । ࠧ.
  ᯥ稢  ⠭  ண,    ॢ襭   ண
ଠ ⠭ ਣ.  ࠧ, 䠩  ﭨ 8,
㯭   ﭨ 2,  㢥稢 ﭨ  
9,    ᫥騩 室 㤥 ࠪਧ   ࠩ 
⨬ ﭨ.

     ⢥  ਬ  ᬮਬ  ⮪,  ᪠騩  ଠ  
ᮮ⢥⢨    ᪮  ⥬  ﭨ  ண 1,  祬
 짮⥫ (A-E) ᯮᮡ  易  ⮫쪮    2  訬
ᥤﬨ.   ,   ଠ,  ஦  C,  
६ ⮫쪮  짮⥫ B   짮⥫ D,   
࠭⮬ ३  A  E,   ⨨ B  D.

ࠢ:

  D(室) = max(D(室))
  D(ࠧ塞 室)=1+D(ࠧ塞 室)
  ଠ 㯭, ⮣  ⮫쪮 ⮣, ᫨ D < const

  A     B     C     D     E
 +-+   +-+   +-+   +-+   +-+
 |X|---|1|---|0|---|1|---|X|
 +-+   +-+   +-+   +-+   +-+

ਪ  ண 1.

    ⨪ "ᯨ᮪ ⮪" ন ᯨ᮪    짮⥫,
    ꥪ⮬.   ࠢ,  㦭,
⮡  ন    ᯨ᮪;  ᯨ᮪  室  ⮪  
ꥤ ᯨ᪮ ⮪  室 ( 짮⥫, 
஦    ⢨).    ਮ⠥      ந쭮
᪮   ࠦ      ᯨ᪠   ⮪,   ஥   ।
㯭.  -    ⨪,     ᯮ짮,
⮡    ।⠢         㪠   ⨪,   롨
ᮮ⢥騥 ᪨ ࠦ.

       뢠  ਬ   ⥬,   ᯮ饩
ᯨ᪨  ⮪,  ⢫ ࠧ ࠭祭 (㯮  A 
B)  ࠧ 짮⥫ (  ப,  1,3    2,5).  
,   ଠ樨  ࠭  1,5,  
 ⢨⥫쭮  ⠬, ᪮     筨 
1,3.            ᪮  ⥬  ﭨ  ࠭⨢
ଠ樮 ⮪  ࠭, ⠪   ᫨  ଠ,
祭  B, 뫠  ᯮᮡ  2,3,   ࠢ  ᬮ
 ࠭ .

ࠢ:

  F(室)=ꥤ(F(室))
ଠ 㯭 ⮣  ⮫쪮 ⮣, ᫨ B(F)=1

   1     2     3     4     5     6
  +-+   +-+   +-+   +-+   +-+   +-+
1 |A|---|A|---|A|---| |---|A|---|B|
  +-+   +-+   +-+   +-+   +-+   +-+
   |     |     |     |     |     |
  +-+   +-+   +-+   +-+   +-+   +-+
2 | |---| |---||---| |---|B|---|B|
  +-+   +-+   +-+   +-+   +-+   +-+
   |     |     |     |     |     |
  +-+   +-+   +-+   +-+   +-+   +-+
3 |B|---|B|---|B|---|B|---|B|---|B|
  +-+   +-+   +-+   +-+   +-+   +-+

                    ਬ ⥬ ᯨ᪮ ⮪

    ᬠਢ ਬ   ᯮ   쭮    
㭪,   楫, 㯭   ।   祭
᫮ ᫮.  ਬ,  짮⥫     
 ⮫쪮  ଠ樨,  ᮧ ࠬ 짮⥫ (B  C) 
(B  D),   饭  ⮩,  ᮧ ⤥묨 짮⥫ﬨ
B, C,  D.

       ᯮ짮, ⮡ ⢫ ஢ ଠ樨
B ०,  祬 C  D  ᫠   A. ⥬ ᯨ᪮ ⮪
 ⠪  ᯮ짮, ⮡ ॠ뢠  Biba  
ﭨ. ਬ,  ﭨ  ॠ뢠 ᫥騬
ࠧ:    @業[    (짮⥫    <=    ﭨ    1)     
((짮⥫ > ﭨ 1))].

     ⥬    ࠭祭묨  ଠ樮묨  ﬨ ࠭祭
࠭⨢   䥪⨢,  ᫨ 짮⥫  ᯮ
  㯭  ,   ᥣ  אַ   묨 
짮⥫ﬨ,    ⮬ 砥 ᥣ     䥪樨.
ਬ,    ⥬    ࠭⨢,  ࠭祭 ﭨ 1,
᭮ ࠧ ଠ  묨 짮⥫ﬨ,   
,    室 ᯮ  ⮬,   - 
 짮⥫ ࠢ୮  㣮 짮⥫.

                      ࠭祭 

    ࠭祭 魮  樨      ࠭⥫,   祬
  ࢮ  浪,     ⮬ 砥 ᯮᮡ ࠦ
⠥    ᮬ,  ᪮   ஢      
ࠧ襭 㭪権.  ஢ 室 । 㭪樨.
 ⮣ ॡ ᯮᮡ  ,          
ணࠬ   㬥 த஢ 室 .  ,  
।  権,    ᪠ ஢    
饬 砥 ࠧ  ࠭⨢,   ⭮, ⢨⥫쭮
 ⠪  砥  䨪஢ 㭪樨 ࢮ 浪.

    ਬ, ⥬  ⢥  㭪樥  "  䠩"  
⮫쪮   ⮡ࠦ   ᮤন   䠩   짮⥫,       
஢  䠩.   䨪஢    ⮢
⥬    ࠪ᪮ ਬ,     砥 
 । ࠧࠡ⪨.     ஭  -  筮
।⢮  裡,      ⥬  ஭  易  㣨
ਫﬨ ⠪,    ଠ    ।  
,       ᪫祭   ⮣      ।⢥   १
짮⥫,  ⠪ 奬   ᯮ짮, ⮡  
䥪樨.

       䨪஢  奬  樨   ࠧ
ᠬ ᥡ,  奬  樨    ᮪  浪    
ᯮ짮, ⮡ ࠦ ணࠬ, ९㥬  ⮩ 奬.
ਬ,  ப   䨪஢,  設 ,
    ⨬ ப,   ஢.  LISP,
APL,   Basic -  ਬ 䨪஢ 奬  樨,  
   ஢      ଠ.       ᯮᮡ  
樨  饬    ணࠬ        
몮,    ࠦ  ணࠬ   㣮  ,   
 ࠧ.

     ⥬    ࠭祭  樥   䥪樨      
࠭  ,  祬   㭨ᠫ ⥬ 樨,
᪮    㭪  ࠭祭  ⥬    ⠪   
ᯮᮡ  믮   㭨ᠫ쭮 ⥬.  ।騥 १,
᫥⥫쭮,  業 孨 ࠭ ࠭ 
 ⥬  ࠭祭 樥.

                          ஡ 筮

     樮   ࠭祭 ࠭⨢ । 襭
஡ ஢,      ⮬ ᫥,   ࠧ
ᮢ   筮 ⠥  ᢮⢮.    ⨪
⮫쪮 樮   筮 ⢫  ࠪ⨪, ᪮
஢  ଠ樮  ⮪  ॡ    NP- 
६,   ન஢  ⯮ॡ      ࠡ祣  ࠭⢠
[Denning82].  ⠢   ᯮ짮 ⮫쪮 
⮤.  ஡  ⮤  ⮬,    ६  ਢ
⥬  樮.    ⮬,   ᯮ ࢠ⨢
業 䥪⮢  ।饭 ⥭樠쭮 ࡠ.  䨫᪮
᫥   , 祬 ࠧ஢.

    ஡  ⮬,   ଠ ࠢ ᬠਢ,
  㯭    ⥭    짮⥫,     ⥬
⠭  ਣ  ⮣ 짮⥫.  - ଠ ⪠ 
㦨   㯠  ଠ樨,      
 饭.  ⥬ ᥣ ६  ᥡ   
ਣ  ࠧ ᮢ        ⮣,    
⠭  ஢,  ⨣ 窨 ࠢ, 
 業 . ᫨ ⠪ 窠 ࠢ ⢮ ,   
뫠   筠 ⥬  ⮩ 窨 ࠢ.  ᪮  ,
  筠 窠 ⮩稢 砥 樮,  ॡ
襭   NP-  ஡,      -NP-  襭  
ਢ  樮.

                            ⮣  뢮

     ⠡    ꥤ    ।,    ⠭    
࠭  ᮢ ⮫쪮  祭묨 ⮤ .  ନ
"Unknown" ᯮ짮  㪠 ⮣,    ᮡ  ७
⥬ ,     ⥮ਨ,  ⮡ ।᪠ ࠭祭
  ⥣਩.

                     । ᭮ 䥪樨

                    ࠭祭 

           ࠭.     .               ࠭.      .

--------|-----------|-----------|       |-----------|-----------|
 .   |࠭. | ࠭.|       |. ||
--------|-----------|-----------|       |-----------|-----------|
࠭.|ந.| 몠 |       |ந.| 몠 |
--------|-----------|-----------|       |-----------|-----------|

                       

    ᪮ ।饭      ᮢ        
室    ᫮  ୮  ࠧ  㯠   ணࠬ
ꥪ⠬,  ᪠  ਢ    祭,
  ।⢠  .  祭    ᪨  ⥬   
ᯮᮡ 㦨    㭨⮦  .  筮
 ⮨    ᮢ.    稬 ⥭樠
  㦥  㤠  ᮢ.

                          㦥 ᮢ

     ⮣,  ⮡  ।,      ணࠬ  P   
ᮬ,  室 ⠭,   P ࠦ 㣨 ணࠬ.  
ࠧ訬,  ᪮ P    ᮤঠ  楤 D  
ࠦ  㣨  ணࠬ  ⮣    ⮫쪮 ⮣,   D ਤ 
뢮,   P -    .    㤥  ,      室
ணࠬ,    筮  ࠧ砥       㣮
ணࠬ,    . ⮡ த஢ 
⢮   ⠪   ணࠬ,      ᫥饬   ਬ      楫
ணࠬ஢ V,  ᯮ㥬   楤 D,
  頥  "⨭"  ⮣  ⮫쪮 ⮣,    㬥
 ᮬ,

program contradictory-virus:=

{...

main-program:=

 {if ~D(contradictory-virus) then
    {infect-executable;
    if trigger-pulled then do-damage;
    }

 goto next;

 }
}

                      筮  "CV"

     ᭮  ணࠬ  V,    ࠭஢,     ᫨
楤  D  ஢  CV    ᮮ⢥⢨  ,    CV  㤥
ࠦ 㣨 ணࠬ ,  ⠪ ࠧ,  㤥  ᮬ.
᫨   D ।,   CV -  ,   CV 㤥 ࠦ 㣨
ணࠬ   ,   ⠪   ࠧ,   㤥    ᮬ.    ⥫쭮,
᪠      楤  D  ⨢  ᠬ  ᥡ,  
筮 ।  "" .

                             

      ᯥਬ   ॡ   4000 ⮢
  믮    㭨ᠫ쭮  .  ᪮    
 ணࠬ,   ।  ᢮  ⥫쭮:      
⠭,     蠥    祭  筮  ६;  
ࠡ⠥  ,   ,  -    饬,  ⢮  
䨪権    ⠪       祭 訬.   ⮬
ਬ 樮饣  EV  ᪠  䨪  V  ⠪
ࠧ,     砩    ⠢    묨  
易⥫묨 ࠬ. (*6*)

program evolutionary-virus:=

{...

subroutine print-random-statement:=

 {
 print random-variable-name, " = ", random-variable-name;
 loop:if random-bit = 0 then
    {print random-operator, random-variable-name;
    goto loop;}
 print semicolon;
 }

subroutine copy-virus-with-random-insertions:=

 {
 loop: copy evolutionary-virus to virus till semicolon-found;
 if random-bit = 1 then print-random-statement;
 if ~end-of-input-file goto loop;
 }

main-program:=

 {
 copy-virus-with-random-insertions;
 infect-executable;
 if trigger-pulled do-damage;
 goto next;
 }

next:
}

                      樮騩  "EV"

     饬,  ⥫⢮ ⭮  䨪権    
⮩   ணࠬ P ( P1  P2) ,  ᪮  
楤  D,  ᯮᮡ  㦨      ⭮,   
         P1,      P2.  ᫨        㦥
⭮,     믮  ࠧ  ⢨;    ᫨
㦨  ࠧ稥,     ⢮ ,   ⠪
ࠧ     ⠭  묨.         ᫥饩
䨪樥  ணࠬ  EV,   ன  楤 D 頥
"⨭" ⮣  ⮫쪮 ⮣,     ணࠬ,      
室, .

program undecidable-evolutionary-virus:=

{...

subroutine copy-with-undecidable-assertion:=

 {
 copy undecidable-evolutionary-virus to file till line-starts-with-zzz;
 if file = P1 then print "if D(P1,P2) then print 1;";
 if file = P2 then print "if D(P1,P2) then print 0;";
 copy undecidable-evolutionary-virus to file till end-of-input-file;
 }

main-program:=

 {
 if random-bit = 0 then file = P1 otherwise file = P2;
 copy-with-undecidable-assertion;
 zzz:
 infect-executable;
 if trigger-pulled do-damage;
 goto next;
 }

next:
}

              ⥫⢠ ⭮
                       䨪権  "UEV".

    ணࠬ UEV "஦"     ⨯ ணࠬ:  P1 
P2. ᫨ ⨯ ணࠬ ࠢ P1,  祭 "zzz" ⠭:

    if D(P1,P2) then print 1;

   ६, ᫨ ணࠬ ⨯  P2,  "zzz" ਬ :

    if D(P1,P2) then print 0.

     䨪樨  뢠    楤  D,  ⮡   ,
⢨⥫쭮         ?   ᫨  D  ,      -
,  ⮣ P1 ⠥ 1,  ⮣  P2 ⠥ 0,    D
㤥 ⨢ ᠬ ᥡ.  ᫨ D 㪠,   ࠧ,  
㤥 ⠭ 祣.   , D 㤥 ⨢稢.
⥫쭮,  ᪠    楤  D  ⨢稢 
᢮ ᭮,  筮 । ⭮   ணࠬ -
.

    ᫨ P1    P2 - 䨪樨   ⮩  ணࠬ,   ஡
⥫⢠  ⭮ ࠧ訬,   ᫨   
ᠬ,   ࠧ訬  ⥫⢮  ᭮. ணࠬ UEV
⠪ ,     ࠧ  䨪樨      
ᠬ. 䨪樨  ⠬  窨 ७  
䥪⮢,    ࠧ .

    ୠ⨢ 㦥  譥    -    㦥  
.   ,      ७      ணࠬ,    
짮⥫ 믮 襭 짮⥫ ⥬ ࢨᮢ, 
  ६    ᠬ   ⮬   묨 ࢨᠬ.
᫥⢨ ⮣  㦥   ᢮  
।,   ᯮ짮 ⥬ ࢨᮢ ,    -
,    ⫨ .

    ਬ ""  - ,      ᢮
  ,    䠪᪨   ᮬ  ᮮ⢥⢨  
 ।.     砥 - ⮦ ணࠬ,   ࠦ
  ணࠬ,    ⠪ ࠧ,  ⮡   
   ᥡ.  ᪮  ᢮⢮  "᭮"
ਭ   設   ஢,         ᯮ짮
  ⥭樠쭮 ᭮ ⠪. ᭠ ⨢
    ⪫祭   묨 室묨
묨,  ,  ⠪ ࠧ  ⮣,  ⮡ 㦨    ,
㦭    ᯮᮡ  㦨   譥 .  ᪮
筮  㦥        ⮬  砥      
筮 㦥 ᮤন 室 ,  ᪮  㦥
,   㦥  譥  筮,     ⮣
᫥,  筮 㦥   ⠪ .

                     ࠭祭 ᭠ 

    ࠭祭 ଠ      ࠧࠡ⠭   [Thompson84]     ଥ
ᯥ樠쭮 ᨨ   몠 C,     㦨,
   室    室 ⥪ ணࠬ ஢ન ஫,
     ᪮  ,    ᯥ稢    室
஢ન.  ࠧ        ⥬ Unix,
᭠ ⨬ ஬. ஬ ⮣,   㦨
    ᨩ  ᠬ     ࠦ  ⥬  ᪨
.  ⢨⥫쭮  ⠪  , ⭮ ( 室
,     ⢮  樮쭮  ᭮      ࠡ
).

     ଥ,       ࠧࠡ    ணࠬ  ஢ન
஫ (  C),  筮 ⫨  ࢮ砫, ⮡
।    ⭮  뫮 祭 㤭.  (*7*) ᫨ "訩
⢥ ⥫"  ᯮᮡ 㦨   ⭮  
⥪騩   ६,    믮 ᢮  筮
,   뫮  ࠧ㬭 ।,      ⮦    ᬮ
㦨  ⭮,   ᫥⥫쭮,   ᬮ ࠧ.
᫨  ᯮᮡ 㦥 ⥭, , ⭮,  㤥 ᮢᥬ
 ᤥ.

       ,       饬   砥   㦨   
,    ᠬ       㦥
⭮ 奬 㦥.  ਬ,   V       
㦥 ⥪ࠬ  ࢮ ࢮ ப ணࠬ "1234567". ᫨
,    ணࠬ  ࠦ,        㤥   饭,   ,
᫥⥫쭮,    ᬮ ࠭.   ணࠬ 
 ᯮ짮  筮 ⥬ 稪,      㤥
⪠뢠 믮 ணࠬ, ࠦ ᮬ V:

program new-run-command:=

{
 file = name-of-program-to-be-executed;
 if first-line-of-file = 1234567 then
 {
 print "the program has a virus";
 exit;
 }

otherwise run file;

}

                            "PV"

    筮,  ⭠ 奬 㦥    
   ᮬ.    ਬ,  ᫨  騩    ,  
짮⥫ ᯮ짮 ணࠬ PV       ᭮  ⠪,
  V      ᮬ V',   ஬ ࢠ ப
뫠  "123456"  "1234567".    祭    ᫮
      奬.  ⠭  ᮢᥬ  祢   
ਭ ᪮ મ:  " ⠪ 蠤,   ன 
뫮  ப,     ⠪ 祫, ண  뫮 
".   䥪   ⢮  ⮣,  ⮡  
 㦥,    ⢮  堭 㦥,
     ᠬ ஢.

     १  ਢ    ,           ⢮
ࠢᨥ   ᠬ  ⠬,  ⠪     
ࠧ   ⥬,  ⮣    奬      
    ⨢  ⭮  ⢠ ᮢ.  ᫨ 
짮⥫    諥  ᯮ짮        
,    ⢮    ᮢ襭    ᮢ襭 .
     窨 ७ 饣,  ⠪     窨  ७
饣, -   ( ) ᮢ  .

     ᫮,    奬   ࠧ ,  
 ਢ   䨪஢  ⢠    "릨"
ᮢ  ,   ᪮ ணࠬ , ⮡ ࠧ, 
릨    ணࠬ,     㤭   ⠪,      ࠪ᪨
㦨 .     -⠪ ந室,  ࠢᨥ
ﭭ 蠥,   १ ⠭       ᠬ
  ⥫⢠.        祭   
⥮ ᪮ 樨 [Dawkins78],      㪫뢠  
᪨ ⥮ਨ . 筮, ࠭ ᮢ 
⥬          ஠஢    ᯮ짮
⥬᪨  ,  ࠧࠡ⠭    ᫥ 䥪樮
 [Baily57].

    ᪮      筮 㦨 ,   ⠥ 
஡ । ⥭樠쭮  ᯮ짮  
       ॠ㥬  ⮤.        
⢠ ணࠬ ᯮᮡ ,      ᠬ,
    ய᪠        ⮣,  ⮡  㦨
᭮  ᮢ.  ᫨  ⠪  ᮡ⨥  ந室  ࠢ⥫쭮
।  "ଠ" ᫮,      筮 
ଠ樨,    ।,   稭  ந諮. ᫨
㯭  ᫥饥 㤮,     ᮡ࠭ ᯨ᪨ ⮪,
 ᫥   짮⥫,  ⨢    ⭮
䠩.  짮⥫,       ᯨ᪠,   
 ⥫.  ⢨   ᯨ᪠    
訬 㪠⥫  .

     ।⢮      業,  ᫨  ࢨ,  ᯮ㥬
ᠬ, । ᯮ짮  㣨 ணࠬ,   ᠬ 
  ᪮쪮  ஡.  ᫨  ᫮,     㦤
᭠ ॢ,   饬,      ᤥ  ,
ࠡ騩    ࠬ    ᫮.  ⥫㠫쭠 ᫥ 奬
    ᯮᠡ  ⠪,    ᫮          
।  騬.      ""   ப稢
  ।,   ᮢ   ᫨誮 ,
⮡  ࠭ 㦥 ,  䫨 
 ᯮ짮 ࢨᮢ.

    뫮 祭  ᪮쪮  ⥬    稥       ᯮᮡ⥩
㦨    ⠪.  ⥫쭮,       ⥬
    ࠭﫠  ᯨ᮪  ணࠬ,  ᪠  㣨  ணࠬ.
஢    ⨯  ᮬ   ᯮ짮,
᫨  室 㦨  ⥩  ⠪.

    ᫨   㦥  ஢,            㤠
.   ᫨   ⥬  த  ࠡ    ६  㤠,
ணࠬ    ஢ ୮.  砥 ᪮
      ᮡ⢥   墮⮬.      ண  ࠭祭  
,  㤠 ⭮  㤥  ,  ᫨  ணࠬ,
믮  㤠,  ,  祬   ࠧ 㤠塞
.    ,   㤠 , 祬 , 
 設 ⨢ ᮢ 믮  祭 㤠
 ᪨      㤠.  ਬ,    
஢ 짮⥫  ⢮ 짮⥫   , 
   㣨 짮⥫ﬨ.

      ,  筮 㤠     筮  㦥,
᪮    筮  㦥      㧭 筮,
᫥  㤠    ꥪ.    ⤥      
,   ⮡   믮   㤠    ᯮ짮  筮
⬠.  ਬ,   䠩,  ᮧ ᫥ । ,
      㤠    ⮣,  ⮡  㭨⮦    ,
⮢訩 ᫥ ⮩ .

    ⢥,  頥,  ⢮ 蠭,   
 ᣥ஢ ᯮ⠭.  ᨫ쭮 易  ᮬ,   N
     N  ࠬ,  ⮡      
஭ .

                    

     ⮣,  ⮡ த஢   ᭮  ⠪  
⥯ ஧, 뫮 믮 ᪮쪮 ᯥਬ⮢.   砥
ᯥਬ 뫨 믮    ᮣ ஢ ⥬.
᫥  믮  ᯥਬ⮢  ᫥ 뫨 ⥫쭮 㫨஢.
᪨ ,    ᯥਬ  뫨 ᭮  譮
ॠ樨,      ⮫쪮      㭤⠫   ⪠  ⨪
᭮.

                              

    3  1983   ।⠢ ᯥਬ      ᮬ,
ᯥ樠쭮  ⮢        쭮  ᥬ 
୮  ᭮.    ⮬  ᥬ  ᭠砫  ஬  뫠
ᬮ७  楯,    ନ ""  த㬠  
(Len  Adleman).  (*8*)  ᫥  8  ᮢ  ᯥ⭮  ࠡ     ᨫ쭮
㦥  ⥬ VAX 11/750  ࠢ Unix,    
襭  ⮢  樨.  祭  뫮 祭
ࠧ襭      ஢  ᯥਬ⮢,    5  ᯥਬ⮢  뫨
믮.  10        த஢    ᥬ  
᭮.

    室 䥪 뫠 ஢  vd,  -  ணࠬ, 
⮡ࠦ   䠩      Unix   來      ।⠢
짮⥫ १ ⥬ ଠ樮  ⥭.  ᪮  vd
뫠  ணࠬ  ⥬,   ࠪ⨪ ᯮ 
㣨 ⠫     뫨.      ஢    砫
ணࠬ  ⠪,  ⮡    ᯮ  ।  믮  㣨
権.

     ⮣, ⮡ ঠ ⠪  ஫, 뫨 ਭ ᪮쪮
 ।஦.   ஢ 믮﫨 ,  
 ᥭ    ,  ⮫쪮  뢮  ᮮ饭.  뫠  祭
஢,    ⮡    ࠭஢           
࠭ ⭮,  ࠢ 㯮  뫮  ᯮ짮  
 ஢,   ,  室  ⠪,   祭 
ᥣ,      ஢  饭  ⠪  ࠧ,
⮡ ।࠭  ᯮ짮.

     ६    ⠪  ⥬ ࠢ 뫨 ।⠢
饬  祭 .   ⪮ ६ 뫮  5 , 
। ६ ⠢﫮  30 .   ,  ,  ⠪
㤥  ந室,  뫨  ࠦ.       砥   䠩   뫨
࣭  䥪樨 ᫥ ᯥਬ,  ⮡ ࠭஢,  
 ᥪ⭮ 짮⥫    㤥  襭.  ,  
⠪  㤥    ᯥ,    㤨⥫  뫮 ⪮ ६,  
஥   ந諮. ஬ ⮣,  ᠬ  ᥡ  筮
  (  1/2  ᥪ㭤),  ⠪      প    믮
ࠦ ணࠬ 뫨 .

     ⮫쪮  १ ᯥਬ⮢ 뫨 , 
ᮮ頫,       쭥訥   ᯥਬ      ୮
᭮        ஢   ⥬.  (*9*) 
 ࠭      ஢  ନ஢  ,
஥   ᫥ ⥭樠 ,   ᯥਬ
  㢥祭  ஫,           ⥭樠쭮   
᭮.  筮  﫠     ॠ 
 ⮣,  ⮡  孨᪨ ஡ 孨᪨, ⠪ 
롨ࠫ 襭, 易   ⨪ ᭮.

    ᫥ ⮣,   ᯥ ᯥਬ  뫨  믮    ⥬
Unix, ⠫ ᮫⭮ ,    ⮤  ࠡ  
㣨 ⥬. ⭮, ᯥਬ 뫨 ஢  ⥬
Tops-20,  ⥬ VMS, ⥬ VM/370,   , ᮤঠ騩 
 ⥬.    ॣ஢    ࠬ,  
뫠  த஢ ।⢮ ࠧࠡ⪨ ⨯  ⠭.
⠪  ⨯    ⥬   Tops-20   뫠   ࠧࠡ⠭   
짮⥫ Tops-20  祭 6 ᮢ,  짮⥫-窮 VM/370
        ⭮    ணࠬ    १    30    ᮢ,     
짮⥫-窮  VMS  ஭  १ 20 ᮢ.  
ணࠬ ஢ ᯮᮡ  室  䠩,    㦭
ࠦ, ࠦ   ८ 짮⥫᪨ ࠭祭.

    ᫥ ᪮쪨 楢 ᮣᮢ  ⨢ ,
ᯥਬ    뫨  ࠧ襭.    ᭮  室   
ﭭ 樨  ᯥਬ⠬,  ⪠뢠 ᬠਢ 
।.  ᮡ ᭮  ,      ।  ਣ
⥬ ணࠬ⮢  ᯥ樠⮢  ᭮, ⮡ 
 ᥬ ᯥ⠬ ᯥਬ⮢.  ஬ ⮣, ⥬ 
⪠뢠   ।⠢   ᨨ  ॣ樮  ,  
।  ᯮ짮    䫠    ⥭樠쭮
᭮   ஧,         ᮣ蠫    (ᨫ  ⠬譨
ணࠬ⮢) ⥫ ஢  ⥬  ᮢ,  ⮡
   㦨  ⠪.   ࠡ  룫拉
᭮,  ॡ  ६,    ᨫ,  ⥬    
 뫨 ᪫ ࠧ ᫥. ,  
ॠ 뫠 ⠪ ,   ॠ  ஢ Unix.

            ⥬, ᭮  ⨪ Bell-LaPadula

      1984 .  砫 ॣ  믮 ᯥਬ⮢ 
⥬,  ᭮  ⨪ Bell-LaPadula [Bell73]  ࠡ⠢襩 
ଥ  Univac  1108.  ᯥਬ    ⠭    ਭ樯   
᪮쪮   ᮢ,      ॡ   ᪮쪨  楢    ᢮
襭.     1984  .    뤥  孥  ਮ  
ᯥਬ஢.  ⮣ ᯥਬ 砫  樨
  ࠧ ⥬,  ᭮ ன ᭮  
⨪ Bell-LaPadula.

    - १砩  ࠭祭  ६    ࠧࠡ (26 ᮢ
ࠡ 짮⥫,     ࠭    ᯮ짮  1108,  
  ணࠬ,      ᯮ짮 1108  祭 5 ),
⢮ ᮢ ॠ樨  뫨  ந஢.  ⭮,  뫨
ந஢      ६  ந⥫쭮  ⠪    
⠡.   १,   䥪 ॡ   20  ᥪ㭤,
    ᠬ         ᤥ  祭 ᥪ㭤.
  뫨 ⠢  ⥬,      ࠭
  ⥫쭮  ⥯    訬  ᨫﬨ.   ⮣,  ⮡
ࠦ ⢮ 䠩 ࠧ,  ࠦ  ⮫쪮    䠩.  
室   ᪠   ࠭   ,  ஥    뫮  
㦨,     ⮬        짮⥫  
ணࠬ.  ᫥⢨  ।஦, ⥬ 뫠 ᯮ짮 
뤥 ०  ⮫쪮  ⥬  ᪮,    ନ,
 ਭ஬,     뫨 ।祭 ᪫⥫쭮 
ᯥਬ.

    ᫥ 18-ᮢ ᥠ 裡   1108 믮  ᢮ 
䥪.      ᯥ稫  쭮      짮⥫᪮
㬥樨,    ⥬      ⥭⭮  짮⥫
⥬.  ᫥  26  ᮢ  ᯥਬ⮢     த஢
㯯  10 ,   ஢,  ணࠬ⮢  ஢
᭮.          ஢    ᯮᮡ    ᥪ
짮⥫᪨ ࠭祭   ६        ஢
᭮   ᮪.  ஬ ⮣,      ⬥祭
ᮡ,     뫨 祭  ᯥ樠 ०騥
⢨,   Bell-LaPadula   ᯥ稫 
⮣.

     饬,  믮 ⠪ 뫠  㤭.     
5 ப ᡮ筮 ,  200 ப   몥 Fortran,  
50  ப    䠩.  業,     ⥭   ⥬
ணࠬ        ⥫쭮  訩  ਬ୮  2
.  ஬ ⮣,   ⮫쪮 ⠭ ⭮  த  ᭮
⠪,        ࠧࠡ      ᯥ᪨   ਠ.   
騩 ணࠬ  㡥,      ᮧ  訩
     ६.  ( 宦  ࠢ,  ᪮ 騩 
 ।⥫쭮  ࠡ  1108).

                             㤮

     砫  1984 . 뫮 祭 ࠧ襭 ᭠ ⥬
VAX Unix ।⢠,  ।祭묨  ७ ࠧ 㯠
  ᭮ ࠭.      ࠧ  뫨  ᮢᥬ
࠭祭,              ࠢ.
,   ⥯ ࠧ 㯠   ⢥  
⥬    ⥬,     ⮣,  ⮡  ⮬ 㡥,  室
।⥫쭮 ८㤮 ⢮ ⥬.  讥  ⢮
짮⥫    訬 ࠢ  ࠧ 㯠,  
뫮      ⢥   ࠭   ,   ⨢      
짮⥫.  ᪮쪨 "ᮡ ⥫" 㬮 
 ⠪  ᪨ .  饥  㤮  뫮
ࢠ⨢  ⮬ ᫥,   䥪      
, ⠪  ᪮ ⠪ 稫 ॠ쭮 .

     १ ਬ  ⥬  ⠪  த  㤮  뫮
।  ⢮  "ᮡ  ⥫" 짮⥫.  ⢨
    ⮬ ᯨ᪥ 㤨   ⥬.
⢮  짮⥫   ⨢묨 ࠢ  쬠
᮪,   ᫨    뢠  ࠦ,        ⥬
ࠦ   । .  । 쭮  楤
 﫨 ᪮  ⮩  ⠪    ᪮쪮  浪,  
㬥  ⮬ 㭪樮 ⥩.

                         ⮣ ࠭

         ⥬ 1                         ⥬ 2

 |  ##  |.| ६|     |  ##  |.| ६|
----------------------------    ----------------------------
|  S  |  3   |  22  |   0  |    |  S  |  5   |  160 |   1  |
|  A  |  1   |   1  |   0  |    |  A  |  7   |   78 | 120  |
|  U  |  4   |   5  |  18  |    |  U  |  7   |   24 | 600  |

    ᬮ७    ⥬    ६  ᠬ  짮⥫  (S  -
⥬, A - ⥬ , U - 짮⥫). '##' 㪠뢠
⢮ 짮⥫   ⥣ਨ, "." (࠭)
 । ⢮ 짮⥫,        
࠭,   "६"  । ६, ᯮ짮,
⮡ ࠧ  ᫥ 室  ⥬,  㣫   ஭
  . "। ६"   㦤, ᪮ 
⮫쪮  䥪  ⨣   root-      Unix,         ࠧ
।⠢  .  ᫨  砥,   ॡ ६
浪  , ᪮  ⮣  ࠭稢騬 䠪஬
᪮ ࠭ ⠭ ᮡ⢥ ६ ஢. 
ᮢ   ।騬  ᯥਬ⠫묨  १⠬,    
ᯮ짮 ॠ .

    짮⥫,     ⢮   ࠧ 㯠,  뫨
ந஢   ,   㣨  ᯥਬ  뢠,
    짮⥫   ⢮  ࠧ 㯠,  
    ⥬  ଠ樮  ⥭.   ⠫   
த஢,    ⥬    ६ ஡
 ணࠬ,    ⮫쪮    .      
箬   짮⥫  ࠧ  ⥬  䠩    祭  .
⥬    ᯮ짮  ᢮      ᪠
ணࠬ  㣨  짮⥫  ࠭  믮塞 ⥬
䠩,   ⠪          짮⥫        
ᯮ짮訥   䠩.    ᫮      ⠪  祭
ன.  뫮  । ᯮ짮  ࠧ  
ᥩ   ⥬ ஢   ଠ쭮 ࠡ,  
⠪ ⥬᪮ ६饭 (᫥  ஢ન)    ᯮ塞
ணࠬ  ⥬ .

                          㣨 ᯥਬ

     ᯥਬ   뫨  ஢    拉  ⥬,  ⮡
த஢  믮 ᮢ     ⥬.
   뫨 ᠭ  VAX VMS  VAX Unix  ᮮ⢥
 몠,     ணࠬ  ॡ  ᢮  ࠡ
  10  ப      몥.      Unix  ᨬ 
    ஬    믮,  ,  ᫥⥫쭮,  ᯮᮡ
ࠡ  IDRIS,  VENIX   㣨 UNIX-⥬.  , ᠭ
 ᨪ  騩  100 ப,  ॠ  Radio Shack TRS
-80,  IBM PC  ᪮쪨 㣨 設  ७ﬨ 몠 Basic. 
  뫨 ஢  ,    㦨  쭮
  ᮧ⥫   ணࠬ,  -⠪  । 뢠,
 ࠡ ணࠬ 砥 ᢮ ᮧ⥫ ᫥  ⮣,    
饭.       ᠭ  ࠧ,  ⮡ 
ᠬ  ࠭  ᮮ⢥ 樮 ⥬ 뫮
 । 筨 ,   ᫨ ᠬ  㦥.
᪮   UNIX  ,  ᠭ   ᨪ,    
 ࠭ १ ண ,  ᬠਢ 
ᮡ .

       ࠧ    ᬮ  ࠧ襭   
  ᯥਬ        ⥬,        뫨
ᠭ.  ,  祭   ⥬,  ᭮    祭
  ਬ    ࠦ  饥   ⥬ 
筮 ᯮ짮.

                            ⮣ 뢮

     ⠡ ꥤ १ ᯥਬ⮢   騩
.  ਧ⠫   ⥬ (Unix, Bell-LaPadula  ᫥饥
㤮), ⮣   ⨪  㪠뢠 ந⥫쭮
(६   ணࠬ஢     ஢,  ⢮  ப  ,
⢮   믮   ᯥਬ⮢,   쭮,   ।    
ᨬ쭮  ६  )    "६  "  -   ६,
஥ ॡ 饬    ᠬ,  ⮡  
.

                              ⮣ ⠪

                | Unix-C|  B-L  | Instr |Unix-sh|  VMS  | Basic |
                -------------------------------------------------
        Time    | 8 hrs |18 hrs |  N/A  | 15min | 30min | 4 hrs |
                -------------------------------------------------
        Inf t   |.5 sec |20 sec |  N/A  | 2 sec | 2 sec | 10 sec|
                -------------------------------------------------
        Code    | 200 l | 260 l |  N/A  |  7 l  |  9 l  | 100 l |
                -------------------------------------------------
        Trials  |  5    |  N/A  |  N/A  |  N/A  |  N/A  |  N/A  |
                -------------------------------------------------
        Min t   | 5 min |  N/A  |30 sec |  N/A  |  N/A  |  N/A  |
                -------------------------------------------------
        Avg t   |30 min |  N/A  |30 min |  N/A  |  N/A  |  N/A  |
                -------------------------------------------------
        Max t   |60 min |  N/A  |48 hrs |  N/A  |  N/A  |  N/A  |
                -------------------------------------------------

    ,   ᭠  ⠪        ࠧࠡ⠭ 
⪮  ६,    ⠢    ᫥    ᠬ  ᮢ६
⥬,   䥪⨢   ⨢   ᮢ६   ⨪   ᭮,
ਬ塞  ஢ ᯮ짮,   ॡ  쭮
  ᢮ ⢫.  ⥭樠쭠 ஧ ᮢ 쥧,
    ࠭  祭      ୮  ⥬.
뢠,     ࠭ १   ⠪
,      ࠭    ࠬ  ,   ⠪   ࠧ,
।⠢  ᮡ      㠫 ஧   ॠ
⥬.

    ஡   ࠢ,     ᯥਬ  ⥬
ᥭ,  ;   짮⥫ ᯮᮡ த 
ࠡ,   ⥬   ᠬ  ஢    ⠪;    ᫨  
짮⥫ 㬥  ⠪,   ᯮ  ⥬    
ᯥ樠  ,      㣨 짮⥫ ⠪  ᯮᮡ묨
ᤥ .   ।० 짮⥫, ⮡   ᪠
⠪,     楫;  짮⥫,   ,  
 ᪠ ⠪ (*10*);    짮⥫, 
    ।,  ⠪    ࠡ  ஢.
ᯥ⨢,    饭 ⠪  㬥蠥  ᭮,  
  - 訡.  ᯮ짮 ⠪, ⮡  ஡
  ॡ    㤠⢥  ⨪    ᯥ祭
   ⥬  [Klein83]  [Kaplan82].  㤥    樮
ᯮ짮      ࠢ塞  ᯥਬ        
㢥祭 ᭮.

                   

     ,  ᮫⭠           ⨣
ਬ  ᮫⭮  樮,      筮  ਥ
襭.  㣨  ,   ,  易   ᯮ짮
१砩  ᫮  /  ᮥ  ᪨  ⮤,  
 襭,   ⠪ ⥬   ਣ묨.

    ,   ।饭    ⠪  砥   
࠭⥫   ⢨,   ⮣      祭    ॡ
⢥ 襭 ਭ    ࠢ.  筮  㦥
  ࠧ訬묨,  ⥬   ᪨ ⮤  
ᯮ짮, ⮡ ࠭ 㦥 ࠭  
᪮   .   ⨯筮 짮⥫  
 祭  ⮣,  ⮡ ᯮ짮 ᪨  ⮤,  
         ⥬  ⥬.  ࠭祭
 㦥   ।饭        ᯮ짮  
࠭祭   ᮢ.

    த஢,        ⥭樠쭮            ᯮᮡ
࠭   ⥬,  ᪠ ࠧ 㯠.
 㭨ᠫ쭠 ⥬,  ᯮ㥬  饥 ६,  
  ࠩ  ࠭祭 ᭮ ⠪.     ""
⥬    ६  ࠭     ""
짮⥫.  ᯥਬ 뢠 ᯮᮡ ᭮ ⠪
   㪠뢠,       ࠭          拉
樮 ⥬. 쭥訥 ᯥਬ   ।.

    騥 १    ᯥ    -  ⭮
樮   ⥬      ᯥ᪮  ᨨ,    ᭮  
㭤⠫  ᢮⢠  ⥬.    ,       ࠦ
ॠ ।  ⥬,  ᯮ㥬  饥 ६.
,      "᭠"  ⥬,  ࠧࠡ뢠  ᥩ,
᭮    ⨪  Bell-LaPadula    ⠡ ⨪,   
ࠡ  ᭮  த஢,           
।࠭    ᭮  ⠪.     뢠,  
ࠢ 楫⭮      ⢥    
᭮ 樮 ⥬.

    ﭥ ᪮쪮   襭 ஡,   ᮢ
  ⨢᭮ ⨢⢨.

:

஡ ࠧ訬 㦥
㦥   譥 
㦥   
㦥 権 ⭮ 
㦥 ४饣 堭  譥 
㦥 ४饣 堭  
㦥 樮饣 ४饣 堭
㦥 ᭮ ⥪  譥 
㦥 ᭮ ⥪  
㦥 樮饣 ᭮ ⥪

    ᪮쪮 ⥭樠  ଥ 뫨 祭 - 㡮,
              襭.    ⮩  
।  ⮤,    ᯥ ࠭祭
  ,    ਬ        ⥪騩      ⠪
࠭祭.  ⮡     ᥡ ⨢ ᭮ ⠪,
⥬    㯠饣 ଠ樮 ⮪, ⮣
,   ⮡     ⨢  窨  ଠ樨,  ⥬  
 ⨢ 室饣 ଠ樮 ⮪.  ।
ଠ樮  ⮪    ᯥ稢 ࠡ ⥬  ࠧ
㯠.  ᭮ 뢮 ⮩ ,   楫  ࠧ  㯠  
㭨ᠫ쭮  ஢  ⥬   אַ ⨢ 楫
᭮ ᭮,        ਬ७    ⢮
묨.

             ᫥  -  ﭨ  ᮢ  
 .  ० ᥣ ᭮,         
࠭  設⢮ ஢  .    १
饭   ⥬᪨            ᫥    ᭮
࠭    "⨯"   .  ᫥⢨ ࠡ
  ᭮   ⠪  뢠  让  .  ᪮
  ਢ      ,     楫⭮ ⠪  ᭮
 ন   ⥬    ⮣,  ⮡  ।࠭  
᭮  ⠪,    ⠪ ন    ⮣,
⮡ ᪠ ஢ ࠧ 㯠    ࠬ.
  ਢ    室    ⢥  ࠭祭 
㭪樨  ⥩.

    뫨 ࠧࠡ⠭ ਬ  樮  ணࠬ    ᮧ
⢠  䨪権  ⭮ ணࠬ.  ⮩ 樮騩
 㦥 ࠧࠡ⠭,    ᥩ ࠧࠡ뢠 樮騩
⨢.  堭  ᯨ᪠ ⮪  Unix 㤥 ⢫,  
室    ।⢠    㯭,    ,  
᫥騥     ﬨ  ।⢠    ᫥  祭  ।  
ᨣ.  ᪨   ⮤   㦥,   ᭮   
१  ࠡ  ⠪  । - ⠪  ࠧࠡ,  
 ਭ樯  ࠢ  㬥襭 ᭮ ஧ 㦥 ࠧࠡ⠭.

                             ୮

    ᫥⢨ ᯥ᪮ த 設⢠    ᫥  
ᯥਬ⮢,    ⢮  ,        ᬮ
⡫.   ⮣,  ⮡ 㬮   ⠪  ,    訫
   . Len  David ᭠ ⢥ প 
 ᫥,    ᠭ ,        ࠫ
 ⮣ . John, Frank, Connie, Chris, Peter, Terry, Dick, Jerome,
Mike,  Marv,  Steve, Lou, Steve, Andy  Loraine ᮢ ᢮   
ᯥ      ,  祬      믮  ᯥਬ⮢  
㡫樨 १⮢, 祬  ন ࠡ. Martin, John, Magdy,
Xi-an,  Satish,  Chris, Steve, JR, Jay, Bill, Fadi, Irv, Saul  Frank 
᭮ ,     ௥    㦥᪮  ⨥  
業묨.   Alice,   John,   Mel,   Ann     Ed  ᯥ稫  
᭮, 祬    .

=======================================================================

                         

ਬ砭 1.

    "設 ਭ" - ଠ쭠 ⥬᪠  , ᯮ㥬
  ⥮ਨ ⬮.  ।⠢ ᮡ ᪮   祩,
஭㬥஢묨  楫묨  ᠬ.    祩  ᮤন  ᨬ,
ਭ騩    䠢 ( ⮬ ᫥  ᨬ "").  ஬
⮣,    ⮩   ६頥   ணࠬ-ࠢ塞   "",
ᯮᮡ    뢠 室騥  祩 ᨬ. ணࠬ
 "設 ਭ" ।⠢ ᮡ ⠡ ,    
⥪饣   ᨬ      ⥪饣   ﭨ  設.  㭪樮묨
⠬  "設  ਭ",  ࠧࠡ⠭     1936      .
ਭ,  "設 "  " 楯 મ".

ਬ砭 2.

    ⨥ "NP-"   ᯮ     ᠭ  ᫨⥫쭮
᫮ ⬮.   ࠬ ⥮ਨ ⬮ ᬠਢ:
    1) P  -   ⬮,  믮  "쭮" ६
(..   ६,  ᬠਢ   ᫥  ⢠  蠣  "設
ਭ"    뢠  쭮  㭪樥   ࠧ 室
);
    2) NP  -    ⬮,    ᥡ  (,
ଠ) 楤,   ࠧ  ਠ "⢥"  
  ࠢ쭮/ࠢ쭮   ⬠  P.
    ண  ,   饯ਧ,   |P|<|NP|.    ᠭ
⢠ ६쭮 ᫮ ⬮, ਭ  NP,  
ਭ  P, ᯮ ନ "NP-".

ਬ砭 3.

    "࠭⨢ 몠"  (  /  ⭮襭)  -  ⨥   ⥮ਨ
.  ⢮  ⮢ ⢠, 室   /
 । ⭮襭   㣮  ࠧ  ।⢥, 
१  㣨  ,  室騥    㣮  ।⢥
⭮襭.

ਬ砭 4.

    ⨪ ⥧  "ᦨ饬 " .    ᥫ 祢
"⢨⥫쭮  訥        ०  
宩   ".

ਬ砭 5.

    ⨪ ᭮   -  ଠ쭠  ,      ᥡ
।  ⥬  ࠢ    ਧ  ᯥ   ""
ଠ樮   ⥬.     ࠬ      ᨢ  "ꥪ
㯠" ࣠  ஭ ⨢ "ꥪ⮢  㯠"  -
⢨    ᮮ⢥⢨   ।묨 "⮤ 㯠" (⥭,
,  ᯮ  ..),    ࠧ襭/饭    ⢨
ந "஬  ᭮".    饬  砥   ⨪
᭮  ࠧ   訥 㯯:
    1) 樮, ᭮    ⥬   ࠧ襭/饭,
।   ன <"ꥪ","ꥪ","⮤">;
    2) , ᭮    ᢮     "ꥪ"   
"ꥪ" । "⪨ ᭮"   ࠧ襭/饭
⭮ ⢨ ⥬ ࠢ  ⮪.
     ᮢ६  ⨪ ᮤঠ  ᥡ   ࢮ,  ⠪ 
ன 㯯.

ਬ砭 6.

    ⭮,     ⥪    ⥪  ⨥ "樨"
 ࠧ  ப,  祬  ਢ    䨧,
ਢ ஬  ⢥ ਬ.

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    ॢ  ਬ砭 () 쥢 .., 1997-98, 2004
