| [ chapter 2 ] introduction The following text highlights some easy experimenting with java class files. The necessary tools which you will require are a decent binary file editor. The Cygnus shareware hex editor was used to modify the following few programs. The extremely in depth description of the HelloWorld program previously, allows us to observe how the Java Virtual Machine works. It also gives us an insight as to how we may go about infecting a compiled class file with viral code. From the previous example, the following code caused the string Hello World! to be printed to the screen. Method void main(java.lang.String[]) 0 getstatic #7 <Field java.io.PrintStream out> 3 ldc #1 <String "Hello World!"> 5 invokevirtual #8 <Method void println(java.lang.String)> 8 return This code is represented by the hexadecimal sequence 0xB200071201B60008 B1. analysis experiment #1 Lets try an experiment whereby we shall attempt to insert executable code into the HelloWorld class file. If we take all of the instructions before the return instruction (0xB1) and insert them again so that the new code_attribute looks like this 0xB200071201B60008B200071201B60008 B1, then by logical reasoning this code should print out Hello World! twice. So that the code passes the verifier adjust the code_length by eight bytes to become 0x0011 and the attribute_length by the same amount to become 0x002D. Behold! the program prints out Hello World! twice. Thus illustrating how we can insert code into a class file. experiment #2 Lets try another experiment where we will attempt to add new entries to the constant_pool. Our aim is to insert enough code so that the program will now print Hello World! followed by Hello Australia! To accomplish this we must insert a new CONSTANT_String as well as a new CONSTANT_Utf8 which is required by the PrintStream() method. To ensure that the code passes the verifier, we must then increment the constant_pool_count to account for the new entries. First things first, the new CONSTANT_String entry will look like this: constant_pool[20] tag 0x08 CONSTANT_String string_index 0x0021 constant_pool[21] CONSTANT_Utf8 Hello Australia! The new CONSTANT_Utf8 entry will thus look like this: constant_pool[1E] tag 0x01 CONSTANT_Utf8 length 0x0010 bytes[length] 0x48656C6C6F204175737472616C696121 Hello Australia! We then increment constant_pool_count to become 0x0022. There is one step left to finish it all off and that is to insert new executable code to execute the new constants. The old code looked like this 0xB200071201B60008B2000712 01 B60008 B1 so if we change the second reference to the CONSTANT_String from constant_pool[01] to constant_pool[20] the code becomes 0xB200071201B60008B2000712 20 B60008 B1. Run the file by typing java HelloWorld. Yippee! we have successfully inserted constants into the class file. conclusion We have had an easy time with these simple examples because we have known the offset of the constants (distance from start of the constant_pool) that we are inserting into the class file. For us to be able to write some viral code we must be able to calculate the offset (easy) and allow for the offset to change references in all of the code that we insert (harder). However, before we continue onto bigger things, it is important to learn some basic concepts from the above examples. Inserting constants and code into a class file is as simple as 1,2,3. We only have to make sure we stick it in the right part and fix up the lengths of some of the fields in the file.