Ŀ
 Presents
  ڿĴ VMag, Issue 3, 1 January 1999
  

   Linux  ⨪䨧

Copyleft Eugene Shakhtarin 1996
http://eugene.mplik.ru v0.3.2

     ᫥         孮 
쥧 .  ந諮 ᮢ ࠭  ⥬
   free   sourceware  -   ணࠬ  ᯥ祭,   ᢮
࠭塞  室 ⥪.
   孮  ⥬ த ᢮묨   1969      
Unix.         ᮢ   ࠭  뫮   ᤥঠ  䠪⮬
樠樨 Unix.  ᮪ 業   Unix  ᪨  ⠫
ॣࠤ    孮  ப .  ९⢨ 
1984    砫  ⥭ᨢ ࠧ    ⮫,  ᮧ  
᢮   ணࠬ  ᯥ祭  Free   Software   Foundation  (*
http://www.fsf.org/ ), 뤢 楯 ࠫ쭮 饩 業 GPL
  ᭮ ஥ GNU .   1991 ॣࠤ 뫠 ࢠ -   ࢠ
뫮   Internet    Linux  0.01.    1996    ⢮
⠭ 樮 ⥬ Linux ⨣ ⪠ .

    孮

   Linux    襭 饭 ᭮  ୮ 孮
().  ᭮   ⮬ ᫥,   孮   ⠭ 
 騪 㦠 ணࠬ,    室 ⥪⮢  ᠭ,
 ᢮ 孮    ⥯ 㡨.
       ॢ ନ sourceware.   free sourceware,  
  commercial sourceware. H ७ 孮  ⥬ 
ப    襩 ⥯ ࠡ⠥ free sourceware.    㤥
ᯮ짮 ନ   孮   㧪  ᫥  -    free
sourceware. H ࠪ⨪    ⠭ free sourceware
 㣨  ணࠬ ᯥ祭.
   業  ७  孮 ६⥫쭮 ᬥ 
஭   孮.  ணࠬ   室 ⥪⮢ 稭
ᬠਢ    ࡭  砫쭮,   ⠪      
㯭,   ୠ ,    ﭭ ᮧ ஡,
 蠥   ᫮.
   Sourceware    㭨    ⮢ ᢮  
ᯥ樠⮢  ஢ ࠧࠡ稪 ⮣ sourceware.   筮
      孮 ࠭祭 짮⥫᪨ ஢  ,  
sourceware -   孮   㡨.
   孮   ।⠢ 室 ⥪⮢ ࠥ    
쭮 ⥫㠫쭮 ⥭樠  ୮ ,  ᭠
孮 -    襭,    ᨫ  ᢮  .  Internet 
த  ࠥ  ஫. Internet   碠,  ன
梥⠥    .
   Internet   ୠ ᥫ,          讣
뢠.  ⨢ ࠧ ࠧࠡ稪  孮 㯠
 ⥫.   ⠢  ⥦ ॠ쭮 ,  樢
  ஬  ।⢠    ᫥⥫  ⥫쭮,   ⮡
⠭ .      祫      ⠩  
஧,  ᮧ  ᮡ⢥묨 㪠?        ६,  free
sourceware ࠡ⠥    ࠧ⨥ ,  ᯮᮡ ७ 뭪
.
      ⥬ ,  N20,   9,  1994,  . 4,
.ᮭ     -     ⥫              ।    ⥫
ଠ樮᪨  ⥭  RELEAS  1.0    Rel-EAST,  
EDventure Holding Inc.,  ᯮ PC Forum ? East-West High-Tech Forum. ;
"஭  ᭮.  ⥫㠫쭠  ᮡ⢥    
㭨樮 "

   H 

      ᥣ    ⭠  ⥭     ⮬,     ⮨
ணࠬ ᯥ祭 㬥蠥, .. ६  . H ।
 室 㦥  ந⢮ ,   㣨, ⥣ த⮢,
ᠫ⨭, 祡   ᥬ.
   ...
       ,     ணࠬ ᯥ祭 㤥,
 ᭮, ᢮?    ணࠬ  ,
  ஬  ⢨⥫쭮 㤥 祭  ᥣ譥
  ᨨ?
   梥騥    㦤    ᯮᠡ   
,   ன ᭮ 室 ਭ 㣨,     ணࠬ
.  ࠡ稪,  ᮧ騥 ணࠬ ᯥ祭,    
ਡ   祭 짮⥫,   ⠭ ⥬,   ࠧࠡ
ਫ ᯥ樠쭮  稪.
   ...
   ᭮ 業 ⠭  ,  易   (   )
  모.
   ...
    *  Cygnus  Support  ᯥ譮  த 㣨    ⠭ 
প த⮢       ⥬  ᢮ ⠢ த Free
Software   Foundation   (⠪,          GNU   C,    UNIX,
㬥⠫ ।⢠   ..).    梥⠥.  ...  
쭥襬,    ७  ꥪ⭮-ਥ஢ 室,  
ணࠬ⪨  㤥     㤥 ஥⠬ ⥬,
宦 室 㫥, ன  祭   ।
ਫ   짮⥫.    ᭮  業c 㤥   
ࠡ,   ᠬ 㫨.
   ...
       㣨   ,  室   ਨ ணࠬ
ᯥ祭,  ࠡ⠥    .      
 ᢮ ࠭ ᢮  ⥫㠫 த,    
   㣨  㣨  -    ,    ࣠ 믮
஥   樨  । ᠬ.

   H 

   饥 ᮯ஢

   H      ᢮   ᭮  孮  ந   ࠧ饥
ᮯ஢.
   ,  -,  ᮯ஢,  ண ⮨  ⮬, ⮡
ᯥ ⠡ ࠡ ⥬. -,  ﭭ ࠧ⨥
⥬   ࠧ 孮.
   ⨥ ᭮뢠   Linux,  ஥ ᯥ祭 த
. Linux -  ਡ⨢,  ஬ ࠦ  
襭 孮   ﭭ ⪨  Internet.
   ஢ ⥬  ﭭ  蠥  ᢮  ࠪ⨪:  
ᮮ⢥⢨      ४ﬨ  CERT            ન
᭮,   ᨨ         ᪮  ࠡ  ,
    㤮  windows  manager,  稭  ࠡ  
த  dosemu  ..
   H ଫ    ਡ⨢,  室 ⥪ 
 ᪫뢠  娢 ⭮ ਡ⨢.
   饥 ᮯ஢  ᢮   ᨩ.   
ﭭ 饬 ஢ 孮   ⢥ ᫥ -  
 ।  ⥩,  ਪ ⮢  㬥.
   ᪠ ⥬ ⨯ SCO   NT   Solaris   ..    
ᯥ ⮣ 室 -  ࠧ饣 ᮯ஢.   ⮫쪮 
 ਬ஢ 룮 ਬ . H   ࠧ饥 ᮯ஢

   1) 孨᪨ ॠ㥬,
   2) 業   ,
   3) ᪨ 룮,
   4)   ⮥   襭     묨  室묨  ⥪⠬,   ..
ᨬ  ந⥫,
   5)   ⥬    ࠡᯮᮡ,     ᯥ稢 
ᯮᮡ,  ..  ࠭ ⮣,        㦭 㤥 
ᯨ뢠  ,  ..    ६    室 
஢ ᮢ६ ࠧ ୮ 孮.

    ਡ⨢

   ᨢ ଥ ஡ ᠬ  ᥡ    .  
   .      襭   쭮     ஡   㦭
஢  ᯥ樠    .   த  Microsoft    
,      ⮬     ஥   㡫
 ଥ ᮣ襭,        碠,    ன
   쥧 䨪樨   襭     ⢥
孮᪮ ஢.
   孮,   ॢ室騥 ,     Microsoft,   
 -   ᢮ 㯭.   Microsoft -   訥
죨,      ⢥ 孮.    宥,      ⮬
ந室 -   ,    뭮 뢠 祭 孮 
  襭,   騥    ⠭,   ,  祢,
  ਢ離 ॡ⥫  쭮 ந⥫.  ⮬
  ४뢠    ஢ ஢, ⥭樠
 ⠥ ॡ,  ଠ ࠧ⨥  ,
⠪  ,    ஡,   .  㣮 ஭, 祢,
    筮 ,    㯥 ,   ந
஡  .
    ਪ ᯥ  業 ।⠢ 孮᪨
襭,  ࠧࠡ뢠 ⭮ .   ᯥ樠   
⠢     襭 .    । 楯樨 
⮬,     ⮣,  ⮡  襭 ⠢      ᫨誮
㯮冷祭 ,    ࠤ樮 , 襭 ଫ 
 ⠭ ⮢ ਡ⨢ ᭮ 孮   ⠢
  ᯥ .   ᯮ짮  쭮,
⠪   ਢ  ⠭⭮ .
   ᭮,     ७  ⥬ 䠪᪨  
 樨   ⭮ ᯥ䨪.   Linux ⢥
⥬  ਢ   㯮冷祭 ⮣     ଥ  ࣠樨
⭮     ਡ⨢     (     ਬ     -     Linux-YeS
http://eugene.mplik.ru/doc/lys/).    H祣          ᥡ
।⠢   Windows -  ᮧ ⭮ ਡ⨢ ⠬ 
᫥  ਣ襭     .      FreeBSD   楯  ⭮
ਡ⨢    ࠭祭    業ࠫ    奬    ନ஢
樠쭮 ਡ⨢.  ஢  Linux  ⮫쪮 
ᮧ  ᢮  ᮡ⢥  ਡ⨢,      ਢ    樠쭮
ଫ    ⮩     樨               ਡ⨢    Debian
(http://eugene.mplik.ru/doc/debian/manifesto.html.ru,
http://www.debian.org/),     ଥ ஢  
 ஥ ந ਡ⨢.
     ਡ⨢    ࠧ⮩  ⥬  ࠢ,  
 ந ୨   ॣ樨 אַ    
믮  ࠡ祩  ⥬.      ⮬  ⮬᪨  ᫥
 裡  ⮢.  ਡ⨢ Debian  ᮪ ⢮,  
ﭭ  ᭮      ࠧ  200   ࠧࠡ稪  ६.
ᯥ稢  ᮪  ஢  ஢    ⫠.   H뢭
᫥ ᮢ६ ﭨ 孮. ਡ⨢ ⠢
    㬥樥   室묨 ⥪⠬,    ஬ ⢮
। ࠧࠡ⪨    .  H  ॡ  ᯥ樠쭮
ࠧ襭  ᯮ짮  ᢮ ࠧࠡ⪠  ࠦ஢  
  CDROM ਡ⨢ Debian.  H,   ਡ⨢ 樠쭮
।祭   ᮧ      ਡ⨢   ⮩ 
  ਥ樥 (ਪ,     ..)  ,  ⥬  ᠬ,
㦨 ମ  ᮧ ⭮ ਡ⨢.
   H  ᫨誮 㢥稢,   ᪠,      ⥬,  ஬
Linux,  㦨,       ଥ ਡ⨢ Debian
⥬ Linux  ᥣ ᢮.    ⮬  ⮨ ᮡ 業 Debian 
७  ᭮ 孮   .     ᥩ  
  ࠧ ᢮ ଥ ਡ⨢

              --+     dpkg    .--------.
           ----+|   ------->  |        |        dpkg - ⥬ ࠢ
       +-----+ |    ------->  |        |               ਡ⨢
+-----+|  2  |-+    ------->  | Debian |
|  1  |+-----+      ------->  |        |      mirror - ஥ "ઠ"
+-----+ \ O |                 |        |               娢
 \ O |   `|'                  `--------'
  `|'    / \                      |||
  / \                  .----------'|`---------.
                       |    mirror |          |
                       V           |          V
.-----------.    .-----------.     |    .-----------.
|  1 | <- | Linux-YeS |     |    |  N |   ਡ⨢
`-----------'    `-----------'     |    `-----------'
                       |           |          |
                mirror |           V          | mirror
                       |    .-----------.     |
                       `--->| Linux-Own |<----'    ਡ⨢ Own
                            `-----------'          ⭮ 娢 
                                  |               ୨஢ 孮
                                  |
 |----------------------------------------------|
       | dpkg          | dpkg            | dpkg
       V               V                 V
  /~~~~~~~~~\     /~~~~~~~~~\       /~~~~~~~~~\   ࠡ稥 ⥬
(( ⥬ 1 )) (( ⥬ 2 ))   (( ⥬ L ))   室
  \_________/     \_________/       \_________/
     \ O |
      `|'  짮⥫-ࠧࠡ稪 ଫ ᢮ 襭  ⠭
      / \  ਡ⨢ - 祭  㯠  ਡ⨢
           ( / ଥ)

      ਡ⨢   㦨   ᭮   業  ࠧ饣
ᮯ஢.    ᯥ稢 䠪ਧ ᨫ    १⮢  
।    ⠤  ७  孮.    
⠪.  ஢  ᮮ⢮  ᮧ  ਡ⨢  Debian  -  ⢮
஢   ଥ ਡ⨢ ⠬,  ଫ 
⠭ ⥬ ࠢ ਡ⨢ (  Debian  ⥬ dpkg).
ଥ  ਡ⨢  ࠦ     Internet  १   ⥬
஢  娢   (mirror),      ᯥ稢  ⮬
ਮ      .  H     
ন   ⥪饬  ﭨ   (    㦭  )
ਡ⨢ Debian,      ன  ᮧ    ਡ⨢
Linux-Own   ⢮  室       㣨  
ਡ⨢   ⮢, ஥ 묨 ࠧࠡ稪
 ⠭⠬ ⥬ ࠢ ਡ⨢. ਪ  ⥬
襭 ᥣ 室    ⮩  ⠭⭮ ଥ ਡ⨢
᭮ 孮,            ஢ ,    
訢  .
   ନ஢    Linux-Own      ,     ᢮  ।,
⢮  㣨      ਡ⨢     祭     ⠢
ଥ ਡ⨢.
   稥  ⥬,  ᣥ஢   Linux-Own,    ਮ⠭,
אַ  ࠡ祬 室  ⮬᪨ ਮ᪨ ᪠
⥬  ࠢ  ⮬  (dpkg),          ᫥
୨樨 孮  ⭮ 娢 Linux-Own.    த
ࠡ   娢   ୨樨 ࠡ ⥬ 뫠 
஭  ⥬ .
   ⮢  ⭮  ਡ⨢      砩  ,   
⢥ ᯮᮡ த ᭮ 孮   .    室
᢮    ਬ  孮      ᯥ᪨
襭  ᮡ⢥ ᮢ襭⢮,  筮  ⠢ 
㯮冷祭 ଥ,   㫨஢   㦤 孮 
⠭⭮ ଥ  ਡ⨢.    ࠧ  ᮪孮筠
ଠ, 㥬  ஢묨 ⠭⠬  ਣ  䥪⨢
襭     .  ᠫ,  ⭮,  䥪⨢ 
ᯮᮡ ६.

   ⨢ த

    ਡ⨢ Linux ᢮ ࠦ,  ਬ, Linux-YeS
᢮ 㯥   http://eugene.mplik.ru/.  প ᯥ稢
 ᯨ᪮ 뫪 /  ७樥.  প Linux    楫
ᯥ稢 १  Usenet  (in  English)   㯯  comp.os.linux.*.
७樨  Linux ਥ஢    ᠬ⥫쭮 
孮.   ⠪,    訢騩   ⢥騩  
  "  ⭮ , ⮡  ᠬ ᮡ 訫
  㦭 १⮬",  ,  ⨢,  "     
,  ⮡ ,  祬     ࠡ⠫    ࠧ 
稭".
   H  ᪮ 몥 ࠡ⠥ ७ fido7.ru.linux H ᪮
᭮        㣨     ࠧ饬  ᮯ஢  
௮⨢  .   ࠡ,     믮 ᢮
ᯥ樠   ஭.  ࠧ饬 ᮯ஢  襭
ଫ   㦤 ଥ    室묨 ⥪⠬     ⮢
ਡ⨢,   ਣ    樨    ᭠  㬥樥  
室묨 ⥪⠬.    襭    業 GPL ,  ⥬ ᠬ,
 ᢮ ࠭塞묨   ஭.
   饥  ᮯ஢     ᯮ짮  稪  
᢮ 孮 ᮡ⢥ ᮭ.   ,   ⥬
 稪 ᢮ 孮,  ଠ ⪠  ஭
  ࠧ饣 ᮯ஢   㤥      ᢮  ᨫ.
孮 ᢮  㯭     ⠭ ⮢    ࢥ
Internet.  ᫥ ண  孮,     㦭
   Internet,  ⠪   ந  ,   砥  
⠢ ࠧ饣 ⭮ ਡ⨢ Linux.
    ⨢ த  ᯮᮡ塞 ᭮ 孮
   ᫮   ᢮.  Linux,    ᭠ 孮,
᭠  ஬ ⢮ 㬥樨   ஭ .  ᠭ
        ஢.   ᢮ প   ७,  
Internet  ᪮  娢 ࢥ -  ᮧ  ᫮ 
  ᠬ⥫쭮   ᯫ⭮ ᢮  孮   
ꥬ.      ਮ  ⥫  ਠ,  ਬ,
CDROM,      ⢥ ,  㣨   祭   ᪮७
த 孮.

    孮  ⨪䨧

   H 祣  ﭭ, 祬  孮.  ஥
 (,  ᮮ⢥⢥, ७)  䠪.  
  , ⮣  ᪠ 䨧  ᢮ ࠪ⨪. ⨥
孮  ᪮,          ᯠ.  ᮡ    ᠥ
ᮢ६ ᫮ ୥⨧樨    .   㣮 ஭,  
⮤      䨧.  H      㦥 楯樨
⭮ ਡ⨢  ࠧ饣 ᮯ஢.  ਫ ॢ
⠩,  ⨭   묨 ⥬.  ﭭ 訥
ᨫ    筮 ⮣  ᪫뢠   १,   訩 
訩, 祬   । ࠫ.
   H    -    ,        ॣ୮  
 ਢ   ⠡ ⪠,  ⮫      -
᢮  ॣ୮     .   ᫥  ।  ᬥ  
᪮ 뭪  ᮢ묨 ⢠ ⠭ 짮⥫ 
ଥ 孮.  ⥫쭮 襩 ⥯ ࠤ ਢথ
  ⠭⮢.       
    祬,    襭  ⮨   ⮬,  ⮡   ⮤,  
  ﭭ ᫥   ﭭ ମ,  ᫥
஢ ࠧ 孮,  ﭭ     ଥ      ஢  
롨   筮      孮,  
ண ᫥騩 蠣  饥  䥪⨢.
   ᫨  ਮ⠥  ஢ ⮬  ॡ,   
楯      ஢.   H  ᫨      
쥧      ᯥ⨢,     ஢  ⨪䨧
୥ । 䮩   ।   ८.  
樠  뫮     OS/360   ,   뫮  
ࠡ⠭.  । 뫮  ஡ ﭮ,        
⠫.      ᫮ ॠ쭮  ஧ 䨭ᮢ 
⠢  ਭ  襭 襭,    뢠  室
   ⮤.
   ᫨ ਧ  饩,     .
୨ 孮 ,           ࠢ塞
᫮,   饥      䨧,   ᫨   ᯮ짮   ⮤
ࠧ饣 ᮯ஢   ⭮ ਡ⨢.
